9/17/2017 0 Comments Free Download - Safety Guidance For Street Arts, Carnival, Processions And Large-Scale PerformancesSwitzerland facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia. Switzerland. LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENTTOPOGRAPHYCLIMATEFLORA AND FAUNAENVIRONMENTPOPULATIONMIGRATIONETHNIC GROUPSLANGUAGESRELIGIONSTRANSPORTATIONHISTORYGOVERNMENTPOLITICAL PARTIESLOCAL GOVERNMENTJUDICIAL SYSTEMARMED FORCESINTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONECONOMYINCOMELABORAGRICULTUREANIMAL HUSBANDRYFISHINGFORESTRYMININGENERGY AND POWERINDUSTRYSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYDOMESTIC TRADEFOREIGN TRADEBALANCE OF PAYMENTSBANKING AND SECURITIESINSURANCEPUBLIC FINANCETAXATIONCUSTOMS AND DUTIESFOREIGN INVESTMENTECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTHEALTHHOUSINGEDUCATIONLIBRARIES AND MUSEUMSMEDIAORGANIZATIONSTOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATIONFAMOUS SWISSDEPENDENCIESBIBLIOGRAPHYSwiss Confederation[French] Suisse; (Confédération Suisse); [German] Schweiz; (Schweizerische. Eidgenossenschaft); [Italian] Svizzera; (Confederazione Svizzera); [Romansch] Svizra (Confederaziun Helvetica)CAPITAL: Bern. FLAG: The national flag consists of an equilateral white cross on a red background, each arm of the cross being one- sixth longer than its width. ANTHEM: The Swiss Hymn begins "Trittst in Morgenrot daher, Seh' ich dich in Strahlenmeer" ("Radiant in the morning sky, Lord, I see that Thou art nigh"). MONETARY UNIT: The Swiss franc (Sw. Fr) of 1. 00 centimes, or rappen, is the national currency. There are coins of 1, 5, 1. Sw. Fr 1 = $0. 8. Sw. Fr 1. 2. 3) as of 2. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric system is the legal standard. HOLIDAYS: New Year, 1–2 January; Labor Day, 1 May; Christmas, 2. December. Movable religious holidays include Good Friday, Easter Monday, Ascension, and Whitmonday. TIME: 1 pm = noon GMT. A landlocked country in central Europe, Switzerland has an area of 4. Comparatively, the area occupied by Switzerland is slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey. Bounded on the n by Germany, on the e by Liechtenstein and Austria, on the se and s by Italy, and on the w and nw by France, Switzerland has a total boundary length of 1,8. Switzerland's capital city, Bern, is located in the western part of the country. Switzerland is divided into three natural topographical regions: (1) the Jura Mountains in the northwest, rising between Switzerland and eastern France; (2) the Alps in the south, covering three- fifths of the country's total area; and (3) the central Swiss plateau, or Mittelland, consisting of fertile plains and rolling hills that run between the Jura and the Alps. The Mittelland, with a mean altitude of 5. Switzerland and is the heartland of Swiss farming and industry; Zürich, Bern, Lausanne, and Geneva (Genève) are on the plateau. The central portion of the Alps, around the St. Gotthard Pass, is a major watershed and the source of the Rhine, which drains into the North Sea; of the Aare, a tributary of the Rhine; of the Rhône, which flows into the Mediterranean; and of the Ticino, a tributary of the Po, and of the Inn, a tributary of the Danube, which flow into the Adriatic and the Black seas, respectively. The highest point in Switzerland is the Dufourspitze of Monte Rosa at 4,6. Lake Maggiore at less than 1. The second- highest and most celebrated of the Swiss Alps is the Matterhorn (4,4. Switzerland has 1,4. Lake Geneva (Léman), with an area of 5. ![]() Swiss lake, though its southern shore is in France. Lake Neuchâtel, the largest lake totally within Switzerland, has an area of 2. Switzerland also contains more than 1,0. Pleistocene glaciation. The largest area of permanent ice is in the Valais. The climate of Switzerland north of the Alps is temperate but varies with altitude, wind exposure, and other factors; the average annual temperature is 9°c (4. The average rainfall varies from 5.
Rhône Valley to 1. Lugano. Generally, the areas to the west and north of the Alps have a cool, rainy climate, with winter averages near or below freezing and summer temperatures seldom above 2. South of the Alps, the canton of Ticino has a warm, moist, Mediterranean climate, and frost is almost unknown. The climate of the Alps and of the Jura uplands is mostly raw, rainy, or snowy, with frost occurring above 1,8. WEY SAFEST Guildford has again (2008) been pronounced the safest place in Britain in Endsleigh Insurance' annual survey of household burglaries. Malta has been inhabited from around 5200 BC, since the arrival of settlers from the island of Sicily. A significant prehistoric Neolithic culture marked by. Variation in climate and altitude produces a varied flora and fauna. In the lowest zone (below 5. Wild animals include the chamois, boar, deer, otter, and fox. There are large birds of prey, as well as snipe, heath cock, and cuckoo. Lakes and rivers teem with fish. As. of 2. 00. 2, there were at least 7. The Swiss have long been aware of the need to protect their natural resources. Switzerland's federal forestry law of 1. Since 1. 95. 3, provisions for environmental protection have been incorporated in the federal constitution. A measure creating a federal role in town and rural planning by allowing the central government to set the ground rules for the cantonal master plans took effect in January 1. Air pollution is a major environmental concern in Switzerland; automobiles and other transportation vehicles are the main contributors. In 2. 00. 0, the total of carbon dioxide emissions was at 3. Strict standards for exhaust emissions were imposed on new passenger cars manufactured after October 1. Water pollution is also a problem due to the presence of phosphates, fertilizers, and pesticides in the water supply. The nation has 4. The country's cities have produced about 3. On 1 November 1. 98. Basel, in northern Switzerland, some 3. Rhine River, killing an estimated 5. Despite a Swiss report in January 1. Chemical contaminants and erosion damage the nation's soil and limit productivity. In 1. 98. 6, the Swiss Federal Office of Forestry issued a report stating that 3. Important environmental groups include the Swiss League for the Protection of Nature, founded in 1. Swiss Foundation for the Protection and Care of the Landscape, 1. Swiss Society for the Protection of the Environment. The principal federal agency is the Department of Environment. According to a 2. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), threatened species included 4 types of mammals, 8 species of birds, 1 species of amphibian, 4 species of fish, 3. The northern bald ibis and the Italian spadefoot toad are extinct; the false ringlet butterfly, Italian agile frog, and marsh snail are threatened. The bear and wolf were exterminated by the end of the 1. Switzerland, has been reestablished. The population of Switzerland in 2. United Nations (UN) at 7,4. In 2. 00. 5, approximately 1. There were 9. 4 males for every 1. According to the UN, the annual population rate of change for 2. The projected population for the year 2. The population density was 1. The UN estimated that 6. The capital city, Bern, had a population of 3. The largest metropolitan area is Zürich, with 9. Other large cities and their estimated populations include Basel, 1. Geneva, 1. 85,5. 26; and Lausanne, 1. Foreign residents in Switzerland comprised about 2. Nearly a third of all resident foreigners were of Italian nationality; the former Yugoslavia, Spain, Portugal, Germany and Turkey were the next- leading countries of origin. In April 1. 98. 7, Swiss voters approved a government plan to tighten rules on immigration and political asylum. From the beginning of the civil war in Bosnia, Switzerland took in some 2. Bosnian refugees by 1. In 1. 99. 7, 8,0. Bosnia; another 2,8. Nonetheless, as a result of the drastic increase in the number of asylum seekers, Switzerland suspended its resettlement policy in mid- 1. As a result of the Kosovo conflict, Switzerland again faced a major increase in asylum seekers in 1. The Swiss government offered temporary protection to about 6. Kosovars living in the country. In 2. 00. 4, Switzerland hosted 4. Main countries of origin for refugees included Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, and Turkey. Asylum applications came from 1. Bulgaria and Belarus. The net migration rate in 2. Worker remittances in 2. The four ethnolinguistic groups (Germanic, French, Italian, and Rhaeto- Romansch) that make up the native Swiss population have retained their specific characteristics. Malta - Wikipedia. Republic of Malta. Capital. Valletta. N1. 4°3. 1′E / 3. N 1. 4. 5. 17°E / 3. Largest city. Birkirkara. Official languages. Maltese, English[1]Ethnic groups(2. Demonym. Maltese. Government. Unitaryparliamentaryrepublic. Marie Louise Coleiro Preca. Joseph Muscat. Legislature. House of Representatives. Independence from the United Kingdom. September 1. 96. 4• Republic. December 1. 97. 4Area• Total. Water (%)0. 0. 01. Population• 2. 01. Density. 1,4. 10[2]/km. GDP (PPP)2. 01. 7 estimate• Total$1. Per capita$4. 2,2. GDP (nominal)2. 01. Total$1. 1. 1. 64 billion[5]• Per capita$2. Gini (2. 01. 4) 2. HDI (2. 01. 5) 0. Currency. Euro (€)[b] (EUR)Time zone. CET(UTC+1)CEST (UTC+2)Date formatdd/mm/yyyy (AD)Drives on theleft. Calling code+3. 56. Patron saints. Paul the Apostle, Saint Publius and Agatha of Sicily[8]ISO 3. MTInternet TLD. mt[c]Coordinates: 3. N1. 4°3. 0′E / 3. N 1. 4. 5. 00°E / 3. Malta ( ( listen); Maltese: [ˈmɐltɐ]), officially known as the Republic of Malta (Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern Europeanisland country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea.[9] It lies 8. Italy, 2. 84 km (1. Tunisia,[1. 0] and 3. Libya.[1. 1] The country covers just over 3. The capital of Malta is Valletta, which at 0. European Union by area.[1. Malta has one national language, which is Maltese, and English as an official language. Malta's location in the middle of the Mediterranean[1. Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Normans, Sicilians, Spanish, Knights of St. John, French, and British have ruled the islands.[1. King George VI of the United Kingdomawarded the George Cross to Malta in 1. British colony's bravery in the Second World War.[1. The George Cross continues to appear on Malta's national flag.[1. Under the Malta Independence Act, passed by the British Parliament in 1. Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom as an independent sovereign Commonwealth realm, officially known from 1. State of Malta, with Elizabeth II as its head of state.[2. The country became a republic in 1. Commonwealth realm, remains a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1. European Union in 2. Eurozone. Malta has a long Christian legacy and its Archdiocese of Malta is claimed to be an apostolic see because, according to Acts of the Apostles,[2. St Paul was shipwrecked on "Melita", now widely taken to be Malta. Catholicism is the officialreligion in Malta.[2. Malta is a popular tourist destination with its warm climate, numerous recreational areas, and architectural and historical monuments, including three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum,[2. Valletta,[2. 5] and seven megalithic temples, which are some of the oldest free- standing structures in the world.[2. Etymology[edit]The origin of the term Malta is uncertain, and the modern- day variation derives from the Maltese language. The most common etymology is that the word Malta derives from the Greek word μέλι, meli, 'honey'.[2. The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη (Melitē) meaning 'honey- sweet', possibly for Malta's unique production of honey; an endemic species of bee lives on the island. The Romans went on to call the island Melita,[3. Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα.[3. Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth 'a haven'[3. Malta's many bays and coves. Few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature, with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary (Itin. Marit. p. 5. 18; Sil. Ital. xiv. 2. 51).[3. History[edit]Malta has been inhabited from around 5. BC, since the arrival of settlers from the island of Sicily.[3. A significant prehistoric Neolithic culture marked by Megalithic structures, which date back to c. BC, existed on the islands, as evidenced by the temples of Mnajdra, Ggantija and others. The Phoenicians colonized Malta between 8. BC, bringing their Semitic language and culture.[3. They used the islands as an outpost from which they expanded sea explorations and trade in the Mediterranean until their successors, the Carthaginians, were ousted by the Romans in 2. BC with the help of the Maltese inhabitants, under whom Malta became a municipium.[3. After a period of Byzantine rule (4th to 9th century) and a probable sack by the Vandals,[3. Aghlabids in AD 8. The fate of the population after the Arab invasion is unclear but it seems the islands may have been completely depopulated and were likely to have been repopulated in the beginning of the second millennium by settlers from Arab- ruled Sicily who spoke Siculo- Arabic.[3. The Muslim rule was ended by the Normans who conquered the island in 1. The islands were completely re- Christianised by 1. The islands were part of the Kingdom of Sicily until 1. Capetian House of Anjou. In 1. 53. 0 Charles I of Spain gave the Maltese islands to the Order of Knights of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem in perpetual lease. The French under Napoleon took hold of the Maltese islands in 1. British the Maltese were able to oust French control two years later. The inhabitants subsequently asked Britain to assume sovereignty over the islands under the conditions laid out in a Declaration of Rights,[4. Majesty has no right to cede these Islands to any power.. Islands, belongs to us, the inhabitants and aborigines alone, and without control." As part of the Treaty of Paris (1. Malta became a British colony, ultimately rejecting an attempted integration with the United Kingdom in 1. Malta became independent on 2. September 1. 96. 4 (Independence Day). Under its 1. 96. 4 constitution Malta initially retained Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Malta, with a Governor- General exercising executive authority on her behalf. On 1. 3 December 1. Republic Day) it became a republic within the Commonwealth, with the President as head of state. On 3. 1 March 1. 97. Malta saw the withdrawal of the last British troops and the Royal Navy from Malta. This day is known as Freedom Day and Malta declared itself as a neutral and non- aligned. Malta joined the European Union on 1 May 2. Eurozone on 1 January 2. Prehistory[edit]Pottery found by archaeologists at the Skorba Temples resembles that found in Italy, and suggests that the Maltese islands were first settled in 5. BCE mainly by Stone Age hunters or farmers who had arrived from the Italian island of Sicily, possibly the Sicani. The extinction of the dwarf hippos and dwarf elephants has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on Malta.[4. Prehistoric farming settlements dating to the Early Neolithic period were discovered in open areas and also in caves, such as Għar Dalam.[4. The Sicani were the only tribe known to have inhabited the island at this time[3. Iberians.[4. 5] The population on Malta grew cereals, raised livestock and, in common with other ancient Mediterranean cultures, worshiped a fertility figure represented in Maltese prehistoric artefacts exhibiting the proportions seen in similar statuettes, including the Venus of Willendorf.[citation needed]Pottery from the Għar Dalam phase is similar to pottery found in Agrigento, Sicily. A culture of megalithis temple builders then either supplanted or arose from this early period. Around the time of 3. BCE, these people built some of the oldest existing free- standing structures in the world in the form of the megalithic Ġgantija temples on Gozo; [4. Qim and Mnajdra.[2. The temples have distinctive architecture, typically a complex trefoil design, and were used from 4. BCE. Animal bones and a knife found behind a removable altar stone suggest that temple rituals included animal sacrifice. Tentative information suggests that the sacrifices were made to the goddess of fertility, whose statue is now in the National Museum of Archaeology in Valletta.[4. The culture apparently disappeared from the Maltese Islands around 2.
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